Normal vibrations of benzene derivatives
本網頁所提供的資料可作為苯衍生物分子振動光譜線的標定(spectral
assignment)之用.
本實驗室利用雷射和分子束飛行時間質譜儀等儀器來記錄苯衍生物分子在(1)電子激發態(electronically
excited state)和(2)正離子態(cationic state)的振動光譜,
其技術通常分別被稱為(1)共振多光子游離(REMPI)光譜和(2)質量解析臨界游離(mass
analyzed threshold ionization, MATI)光譜術.
此類技術除了提供極精確[到幾個波數, to a few cm-1]的電子躍遷能(electronic
transition energy)和分子游離能, 也得到分子的振動能階(或振動能量,
頻率)的數據.這些清晰的光譜即所謂的分子指紋,可作為分子鑑定之用.光譜中的每一條譜線就是分子振動所造成的.經過譜線的標定,即可知分子在作何種形態的振動,
而這些振動的形態則以號碼(normal vibrational modes)來代表.
To view the vibrational patterns: (pdf)
Reference: “Vibrational Spectra of
Benzene Derivatives” by G. Varsanyi and S. Szoke, Academic Press, New York and
London, 1969.
(A) Normal vibrations of benzene C6H6 (D6h):
Mode |
Symm |
cm-1 |
Act. |
Pol. |
Description |
1 |
a1g |
993 |
ia |
p |
Breathing |
2 |
|
3073 |
ia |
p |
C—H stretching in-phase |
3 |
a2g |
1350 |
ia |
ia |
C—H in-phase bend in-phase |
4 |
b2g |
707 |
ia |
ia |
C—C—C in-phase puckering |
5 |
|
990 |
ia |
ia |
C—H out-of-plane trigonal |
6 |
e2g |
606 |
ia |
dp |
C—C—C in-phase bending |
7 |
|
3056 |
ia |
dp |
C—H stretching |
8 |
|
1599 |
ia |
dp |
C—C stretching |
9 |
|
1178 |
ia |
dp |
C—H in-plane bending |
10 |
e1g |
846 |
ia |
dp |
C—H out-of-plane (C6 libration) |
11 |
a2u |
673 |
a |
ia |
C—H out-of-plane in-phase |
12 |
b1u |
1010 |
ia |
ia |
C—C—C trigonal bending |
13 |
|
3057 |
ia |
ia |
C—H trigonal stretching |
14 |
b2u |
1309 |
ia |
ia |
C—C stretching (Kekulé) |
15 |
|
1146 |
ia |
ia |
C—H in-plane trigonal bending |
16 |
e2u |
404 |
ia |
ia |
C—C—C out-of-plane bending |
17 |
|
967 |
ia |
ia |
C—H out-of-plane |
18 |
e1u |
1037 |
a |
ia |
C—H in-plane bending |
19 |
|
1482 |
a |
ia |
C—C stretching |
20 |
|
3064 |
a |
ia |
C—H stretching |
(B) Frequency regions (in cm-1
) of normal vibrations of mono- and di-substituted benzene derivatives [A =
light; Z = heavy]
Note: For in-plane vibrations “light” subsitutents are those whose first
atom has atomic weight less than 25 except for –CF3 and –NSO which have to
be classified as “heavy” substitutents.
Mode |
C6H5A |
C6H5Z |
14-C6H4AA |
14-C6H4ZZ |
14-C6H4AZ |
1 |
620-830 |
1060-1100 |
720-860 |
1040-1100 |
1050-1100 |
2 |
3030-3070 |
3030-3070 |
3050-3085 |
3050-3085 |
3050-3085 |
3 |
1270-1331 |
1253-1275 |
1260-1313 |
1260-1310 |
1260-1310 |
4 |
680-700 |
680-700 |
665-735 |
680-730 |
665-735 |
5 |
970-1000 |
970-1000 |
240-380 |
910-970 |
910-970 |
6a |
300-530 |
650-710 |
330-510 |
680-810 |
720-840 |
6b |
605 |
605-630 |
610-650 |
610-650 |
610-650 |
7a |
3000-3060 |
260-420 |
1100-1270 |
150-330 |
240-400 |
7b |
3030-3080 |
3000-3060 |
3030-3050 |
3030-3050 |
3030-3050 |
8a |
1575-1614 |
1575-1614 |
1570-1628 |
1570-1628 |
1570-1628 |
8b |
1526-1597 |
1562-1597 |
1552-1605 |
1552-1605 |
1552-1605 |
9a |
1170-1181 |
1170-1181 |
1142-1190 |
1156-1190 |
1156-1190 |
9b |
200-410 |
160-300 |
260-490 |
250-350 |
260-490 |
10a |
810-850 |
810-860 |
800-840 |
790-850 |
790-850 |
10b |
880-910 |
140-200 |
890-940 |
240-300 |
240-340 |
11 |
720-760 |
720-830 |
810-840 |
80-170 |
80-170 |
12 |
990-1010 |
990-1010 |
680-760 |
1060-1100 |
481-680 |
13 |
1100-1280 |
3020-3040 |
1100-1320 |
3050-3090 |
1100-1300 |
14 |
1300-1350 |
1300-1350 |
1240-1380 |
1240-1330 |
1240-1380 |
15 |
1150-1160 |
1150-1160 |
190-350 |
150-230 |
130-230 |
16a |
390-420 |
390-420 |
380-420 |
380-420 |
380-420 |
16b |
430-560 |
430-560 |
410-550 |
410-550 |
410-550 |
17a |
940-980 |
940-980 |
940-980 |
930-990 |
930-990 |
17b |
140-250 |
150-220 |
150-220 |
790-890 |
790-890 |
18a |
1018-1030 |
1004-1022 |
1004-1022 |
1003-1022 |
1004-1022 |
18b |
1065-1082 |
1085-1128 |
1085-1028 |
1100-1128 |
1100-1128 |
19a |
1470-115 |
1460-1530 |
1460-1530 |
1460-1530 |
1460-1530 |
19b |
1440-1470 |
1370-1470 |
1370-1470 |
1370-1470 |
1370-1470 |
20a |
3070-3110 |
3050-3090 |
3050-3090 |
360-550 |
3050-3090 |
20b |
3020-3080 |
3020-3120 |
3020-3120 |
3020-3120 |
3020-3120 |
(C) Frequency regions of normal vibrations of di-substituted benzene derivatives
Mode |
26-C6H4AA |
26-C6H4ZZ |
26-C6H4AZ |
23-C6H4AA |
23-C6H4ZZ |
23-C6H4AZ |
1 |
650-750 |
1050-1140 |
650-700 |
630-750 |
1100-1130 |
1020-1070 |
2 |
3050-3095 |
3050-3080 |
3050-3095 |
3040-3090 |
3040-3080 |
3040-3080 |
3 |
1262-1297 |
1262-1297 |
1262-1297 |
1272-1294 |
1252-1292 |
1255-1292 |
4 |
675-700 |
675-700 |
675-700 |
685-735 |
685-735 |
685-735 |
5 |
930-990 |
930-1000 |
930-1000 |
950-995 |
950-1005 |
950-1005 |
6a |
450-550 |
640-710 |
450-550 |
530-600 |
640-660 |
640-720 |
6b |
350-520 |
700-800 |
700-900 |
220-560 |
650-750 |
220-560 |
7a |
3000-3050 |
250-400 |
3000-3050 |
1120-1340 |
250-480 |
250-500 |
7b |
760-960 |
280-430 |
250-410 |
3010-3060 |
200-430 |
3010-3060 |
8a |
1561-1608 |
1561-1608 |
1561-1608 |
1565-1609 |
1565-1609 |
1565-1609 |
8b |
1591-1625 |
1591-1625 |
1591-1625 |
1586-1625 |
1586-1625 |
1586-1625 |
9a |
230-360 |
140-200 |
150-270 |
260-330 |
130-210 |
130-270 |
9b |
1145-1175 |
1145-1175 |
1145-1175 |
1090-1148 |
1090-1148 |
1090-1148 |
10a |
860-920 |
190-220 |
190-250 |
920-940 |
170-250 |
170-270 |
10b |
840-880 |
120-180 |
120-200 |
820-870 |
120-160 |
120-170 |
11 |
760-790 |
760-850 |
760-850 |
720-760 |
720-800 |
720-800 |
12 |
990-1010 |
990-1010 |
990-1010 |
750-860 |
1010-1050 |
750-830 |
13 |
1120-1300 |
3000-3050 |
1100-1270 |
1080-1270 |
3000-3020 |
1100-1260 |
14 |
1250-1350 |
1250-1350 |
1250-1350 |
1250-1350 |
1250-1300 |
1250-1350 |
15 |
300-480 |
260-370 |
290-480 |
1150-1168 |
1150-1168 |
1150-1168 |
16a |
460-600 |
460-600 |
460-600 |
480-530 |
480-530 |
480-530 |
16b |
400-490 |
400-490 |
400-490 |
410-470 |
410-470 |
410-470 |
17a |
220-280 |
890-950 |
890-950 |
140-200 |
820-880 |
820-880 |
17b |
160-240 |
840-900 |
840-900 |
190-300 |
910-970 |
910-970 |
18a |
1061-1091 |
1061-1091 |
1061-1091 |
310-480 |
250-340 |
280-480 |
18b |
1082-1123 |
1082-1109 |
1082-1109 |
1011-1056 |
1011-1056 |
1011-1056 |
19a |
1386-1467 |
1386-1467 |
1386-1467 |
1430-1470 |
1430-1470 |
1430-1470 |
19b |
1460-1500 |
1460-1500 |
1460-1500 |
1450-1520 |
1450-1520 |
1450-1520 |
20a |
3060-3120 |
3060-3120 |
3060-3120 |
3060-3120 |
3060-3120 |
3060-3120 |
20b |
3030-3095 |
3030-3095 |
3030-3095 |
3020-3070 |
3020-3070 |
3020-3070 |
(D) Frequency regions of normal vibrations of tri-substituted benzene derivatives.
Mode |
135-C6H3A3 |
135-C6H3Z3 |
235-C6H3A3 |
235-C6H3Z3 |
126-C6H3A3 |
126-C6H3Z3 |
1 |
510-580 |
1110-1150 |
500-600 |
1100-1120 |
600-700 |
1100-1161 |
2 |
3040-3080 |
200-380 |
3040-3100 |
3040-3100 |
3030-3090 |
3010-3080 |
3 |
1240-1300 |
1280-1300 |
1260-1305 |
1260-1305 |
1250-1300 |
1250-1300 |
4 |
660-710 |
660-710 |
680-740 |
680-740 |
670-730 |
670-730 |
5 |
160-220 |
840-900 |
190-270 |
930-1000 |
950-990 |
60-90 |
6a |
480-530 |
700-820 |
450-540 |
600-680 |
400-490 |
650-740 |
6b |
480-530 |
700-820 |
400-480 |
700-820 |
500-540 |
700-800 |
7a |
980-1000 |
300-420 |
1240-1310 |
300-460 |
3000-3050 |
250-420 |
7b |
980-1000 |
300-420 |
880-970 |
250-400 |
890-960 |
300-490 |
8a |
1550-1630 |
1550-1630 |
1560-1610 |
1560-1610 |
1550-1600 |
1550-1600 |
8b |
1550-1630 |
1550-1630 |
1571-1642 |
1571-1642 |
1600-1650 |
1600-1650 |
9a |
250-330 |
100-190 |
250-350 |
150-220 |
1050-1110 |
1050-1110 |
9b |
250-330 |
100-190 |
300-390 |
200-330 |
1150-1170 |
1150-1170 |
10a |
830-880 |
160-220 |
930-960 |
200-310 |
880-900 |
140-210 |
10b |
830-880 |
160-220 |
850-890 |
150-190 |
210-280 |
210-250 |
11 |
830-860 |
100-150 |
780-830 |
800-850 |
760-780 |
760-800 |
12 |
990-1010 |
990-1010 |
700-840 |
1000-1040 |
700-840 |
1000-1050 |
13 |
1240-1350 |
3070-3090 |
1100-1210 |
3000-3070 |
1100-1200 |
3000-3050 |
14 |
1200-1300 |
1200-1300 |
1240-1290 |
1240-1290 |
1240-1320 |
1240-1290 |
15 |
300-500 |
200-300 |
1140-1170 |
1140-1170 |
200-300 |
120-220 |
16a |
450-470 |
450-470 |
470-620 |
470-620 |
490-560 |
490-560 |
16b |
450-470 |
450-470 |
420-480 |
420-480 |
530-570 |
530-570 |
17a |
190-260 |
860-900 |
140-170 |
90-130 |
190-240 |
880-920 |
17b |
190-260 |
860-900 |
160-240 |
850-920 |
100-150 |
950-1000 |
18a |
1070-1122 |
1070-1122 |
210-290 |
120-200 |
230-330 |
150-220 |
18b |
1070-1122 |
1070-1122 |
1070-1120 |
1070-1120 |
320-450 |
200-400 |
19a |
1400-1480 |
1400-1480 |
1370-1450 |
1370-1450 |
1400-1450 |
1400-1450 |
19b |
1400-1480 |
1400-1480 |
1460-1530 |
1460-1530 |
1420-1500 |
1420-1500 |
20a |
3000-3110 |
3000-3110 |
3080-3120 |
3080-3120 |
3010-3080 |
200-360 |
20b |
3000-3110 |
3000-3110 |
3000-3070 |
350-580 |
3010-3080 |
3010-3080 |
(E) Frequency regions of normal vibrations of tetra-substituted benzene derivatives.
Mode |
2356-C6H2A4 |
2356-C6H2Z4 |
1246-C6H2A4 |
1246-C6H2Z4 |
1234-C6H2A4 |
1234-C6H2Z4 |
1 |
650-750 |
1110-1170 |
480-580 |
1100-1170 |
590-690 |
1100-1140 |
2 |
3030-3100 |
3030-3100 |
3000-3090 |
200-330 |
3040-3090 |
3040-3090 |
3 |
250-640 |
250-640 |
250-650 |
250-650 |
250-670 |
250-670 |
4 |
660-700 |
660-700 |
670-710 |
670-210 |
670-710 |
670-670 |
5 |
220-300 |
840-880 |
140-220 |
830-880 |
80-150 |
80-150 |
6a |
420-490 |
650-690 |
380-460 |
800-840 |
450-470 |
800-840 |
6b |
500-540 |
820-870 |
480-520 |
750-810 |
480-520 |
720-780 |
7a |
1260-1380 |
250-380 |
920-1000 |
250-390 |
910-1050 |
200-340 |
7b |
900-1000 |
400-520 |
950-1050 |
400-530 |
900-990 |
350-490 |
8a |
1540-1650 |
1540-1650 |
1540-1640 |
1540-1640 |
1550-1640 |
1550-1640 |
8b |
1540-1650 |
1540-1650 |
1540-1640 |
1540-1640 |
1550-1640 |
1550-1640 |
9a |
100-280 |
100-280 |
150-310 |
150-310 |
150-330 |
150-330 |
9b |
1240-1280 |
1240-1280 |
150-340 |
150-340 |
150-300 |
150-300 |
10a |
340-420 |
340-420 |
840-890 |
210-250 |
240-380 |
110-170 |
10b |
840-880 |
220-300 |
310-370 |
310-370 |
920-960 |
300-400 |
11 |
840-880 |
140-150 |
830-880 |
140-220 |
800-830 |
240-380 |
12 |
600-700 |
1000-1070 |
690-790 |
1000-1050 |
650-750 |
1020-1080 |
13 |
1130-1230 |
3060-3110 |
1100-1200 |
3000-3090 |
1100-1240 |
3050-3100 |
14 |
1200-1260 |
1200-1260 |
1200-1260 |
1200-1260 |
1200-1260 |
1200-1260 |
15 |
100-250 |
100-250 |
100-260 |
100-260 |
100-270 |
100-270 |
16a |
550-600 |
500-600 |
470-520 |
470-520 |
400-530 |
400-530 |
16b |
420-470 |
420-470 |
500-580 |
500-580 |
560-590 |
560-590 |
17a |
80-140 |
80-140 |
210-250 |
840-890 |
300-400 |
920-960 |
17b |
140-240 |
840-880 |
80-185 |
80-185 |
110-170 |
800-850 |
18a |
150-400 |
150-400 |
1100-1130 |
1100-1130 |
1250-1300 |
1250-1300 |
18b |
1110-1150 |
1110-1150 |
1150-1200 |
1150-1200 |
1160-1180 |
1160-1180 |
19a |
1300-1440 |
1300-1440 |
1400-1530 |
1400-1530 |
1250-1300 |
1400-1500 |
19b |
1420-1540 |
1420-1540 |
1400-1480 |
1400-1480 |
1350-1450 |
1350-1450 |
20a |
3060-3110 |
400-510 |
1290-1410 |
500-600 |
3050-3100 |
500-610 |
20b |
750-860 |
550-650 |
3030-3080 |
3030-3080 |
1200-1330 |
400-520 |
(F) Frequency regions of normal vibrations of penta- and hexa-substituted benzene derivatives.
Mode |
C6HA5 |
C6HZ5 |
C6A6 |
C6Z6 |
1 |
510-610 |
1120-1200 |
460-560 |
1150-1260 |
2 |
1270-1410 |
250-390 |
1290-1450 |
250-380 |
3 |
200-690 |
200-690 |
350-720 |
300-630 |
4 |
660-710 |
660-710 |
680-720 |
680-720 |
5 |
270-320 |
90-200 |
200-250 |
60-90 |
6a |
460-550 |
780-830 |
400-460 |
800-1090 |
6b |
430-500 |
820-870 |
400-460 |
800-1090 |
7a |
950-1080 |
200-370 |
900-1160 |
200-330 |
7b |
950-1140 |
400-560 |
900-1160 |
200-330 |
8a |
1520-1650 |
1520-1650 |
1520-1660 |
1520-1660 |
8b |
1520-1650 |
1520-1650 |
1520-1660 |
1520-1660 |
9a |
120-270 |
120-270 |
180-280 |
150-220 |
9b |
150-310 |
150-310 |
180-280 |
150-220 |
10a |
340-420 |
340-420 |
840-890 |
210-250 |
10b |
830-880 |
270-320 |
340-370 |
300-340 |
11 |
140-220 |
140-220 |
180-220 |
150-210 |
12 |
620-720 |
1020-1090 |
540-640 |
1050-1100 |
13 |
1100-1290 |
3010-3110 |
1160-1330 |
250-370 |
14 |
1200-1260 |
1200-1260 |
1200-1260 |
1200-1260 |
15 |
100-250 |
100-250 |
120-210 |
80-150 |
16a |
550-600 |
550-600 |
560-620 |
560-620 |
16b |
550-580 |
550-580 |
560-620 |
560-620 |
17a |
80-180 |
80-180 |
150-180 |
50-80 |
17b |
90-200 |
830-880 |
150-180 |
50-80 |
18a |
150-330 |
150-330 |
220-320 |
120-220 |
18b |
1160-1180 |
1160-1180 |
220-320 |
120-220 |
19a |
1220-1500 |
1320-1500 |
1320-1530 |
1320-1450 |
19b |
1380-1540 |
1380-1540 |
1320-1530 |
1320-1450 |
20a |
3010-3140 |
450-570 |
780-1020 |
550-700 |
20b |
800-960 |
550-690 |
780-1020 |
550-700 |
背景音樂: [給愛麗絲, 貝多芬]
上次網頁修改日期: 2002/08/05